|
Indicators |
Occurrence on the test sites |
Relevance (strength) |
A priori detection likelihood |
Remarks |
|
|
GP |
Pristeg |
Ceretinci |
GP |
Pristeg |
Ceretinci |
Daedalus |
E-SAR |
|
|
Higher priority indicators |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Trenches and man-made embankments |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
High |
High |
High |
Medium |
Medium |
Mines were laid ahead, in the direction of the other warring party. Difference in vegetation might be noticed if the soil retains water in trenches. Trenches can be open or covered. In Glinska Poljana and Ceretinci they are dug in the ground, whereas in Pristeg, most are built up with stones and earth. |
2 |
Bunkers |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
High |
High |
High |
Medium |
Medium |
Mines were laid ahead, in the direction of the other warring party. Bunkers are only small shelters. In Glinska Poljana and Ceretinci, they are made of earth and wood. In Pristeg they are made of stones, reinforced with any hard material found, wood and bags filled with soil containing bauxite. |
3 |
Shores of rivers |
Yes |
No |
No |
High |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
High |
Medium |
Especially where it is easier to cross the river |
4 |
Bridges (including destroyed ones) |
Yes |
No |
No |
High |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
High |
Medium |
Bridges are important strategic features and require special attention. Mines could be laid on or around them. |
5 |
Tracks that are no longer in use |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
High |
High |
High |
Medium |
Medium/low |
(Partially) covered with vegetation. In Ceretinci especially through woods. In Pristeg, especially through the bush. |
6 |
Agricultural areas that are no longer in use |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Medium |
Medium |
High |
High |
High |
A difference has to be made between land that is abandoned since the conflict because people fear it may be mined, and parcels that are not cultivated for any other reason. |
7 |
Crossroads, especially crossings of main roads with tracks no longer in use |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
High |
High |
High |
High |
Medium |
Allows to use fewer mines to protect more ways. In Ceretinci, especially in woods. |
8 |
Irrigation/drainage channels |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Not applicable |
Low |
High |
High |
Medium |
Were used as trenches in Ceretinci |
9 |
Shores of ponds |
Yes |
No |
No |
High |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
High |
High |
Approaches to water bodies could be mined. |
10 |
Edges of forests |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
High |
Low |
High |
High |
High |
One of the most relevant locations in Ceretinci. |
11 |
Power supply poles |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
High |
High |
High |
Medium |
High |
Power lines are strategic features |
12 |
Low stone walls |
No |
Yes |
No |
Not applicable |
High |
Not applicable |
Medium |
Medium |
Were used as trenches/embankments in Pristeg. Mine-suspected, especially on both sides of entrance to a plot surrounded by a stone wall (inside the plot). |
13 |
Soft edges of hardtop roads |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Medium |
Medium |
Not applicable |
Medium |
Low |
Could be mined to hinder the progress of military vehicles. |
|
Lower priority indicators |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Tank and cannon holes |
Yes |
Yes |
Likely |
High |
High |
High |
Very low |
Very low |
Due to characteristics, likelihood of detection is low/very low. Difference in vegetation might be noticed if the soil retains water (cf. Glinska Poljana) |
2 |
Craters |
Yes |
Yes |
Likely |
High |
High |
High |
Very low |
Very low |
Due to size, likelihood of detection is very low. Difference in vegetation might be noticed if the soil retains water (cf. Glinska Poljana). A mine explosion does not burn the soil. Destruction craters are bigger but result from demining. |
3 |
Wrappings, packing material (of mines) |
Unlikely |
Yes |
Unlikely |
High |
High |
High |
Very low |
Very low |
Due to size, likelihood of detection is very low. Near trenches. |
4 |
Wells |
Yes |
Yes |
Unlikely |
Medium |
High |
Low |
Very low |
Very low |
Due to size, likelihood of detection is very low. |
5 |
Narrow passages like for instance tracks or footpaths cut into the hillside |
Likely |
Likely |
No |
High |
High |
Not applicable |
Medium/Low |
Medium/Low |
Due to characteristics, likelihood of detection is medium to low. |
6 |
Detours along paths or tracks |
Likely |
Likely |
Likely |
Medium |
Medium |
Medium |
Low |
Low |
May indicate that the main track or footpath is mined |
7 |
Destroyed military vehicles |
Likely |
No |
No |
Medium |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
Low |
Low |
Destruction may occur because of grenade rather than mine explosion. |
8 |
Foxholes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
High |
High |
High |
Very low |
Very low |
Due to characteristics, likelihood of detection is very low. Difference in vegetation might be noticed if the soil retains water (cf. Glinska Poljana). Their presence on the 3 test sites is confirmed by CROMAC's expert. |
9 |
Exposed mines |
Likely |
Likely |
Likely |
High |
High |
High |
Very low |
Very low |
Due to size, likelihood of detection is low. Exposed mines are a potential indicator for other buried or exposed mines |
|
Indicators requiring other information sources |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Mine accidents |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Low |
Low |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
Available from CROMAC. |
2 |
Mine incidents |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
High |
High |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
Available from CROMAC. |
3 |
Confrontation zone |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
High |
High |
High |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
Available from CROMAC. To combine with other indicators; mines are more likely laid between the positions of the 2 warring parties. |
4 |
Hilltops and elevated plateaus |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
High |
High |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
DEMs and maps are available. Hilltops were used as artillery bases. No AT mines are to be found on hill sides that are too steep for tanks, only AP mines. Mines were laid all around, with one entrance is left free of mines. |
5 |
Houses used by the military (rooms, ammunition stores, HQs, bunkers) |
Yes |
Yes |
Unlikely |
High |
High |
High |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
Information available from the population and/or military documents. |